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Yes, the aperture is large, it can gather more light. If you want better images, consider getting some filters.
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I took some good moon pictures with just my crappy camera on my phone and they turned out pretty good, so yes they probably were and if you've got a nice camera on your phone it is very possible to get great shots.
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Absolutely it is very easy! Less than 5 min. It's amazing, your son will love it.
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Yes you can. In fact that is what I am doing right now. The one that came with the telescope was alright but the camera tripod I have is a Polaroid and works much better.
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I don’t see why not, as long as you have a stable place to set it up.
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Yes. You can clearly see a McDonald's on Mars.